Non Finite Verb এর ব্যবহার-Use Of Non Finite Verb

Verb কাকে বলে - Verb কত প্রকার ও কি কি

সূচিপত্রঃ- Non Finite Verb এর ব্যবহার-Use Of Non Finite Verb

Non-finite Verb-এর পরিচিতি

Children to fly kites.
এর পরিবর্তে আমরা বলতে পারি-
Children like to fly kites.

Infinitive-এর ব্যবহার

ইংরেজিতে Infinitive-এর ব্যবহার ব্যপক। Infinitive- দুই ভাগে ভাগ করা যায়।

• Simple or Noun Infinitive
• Gerundial or Qualifying Infinitive

Simple or Noun Infinitive-এর ব্যবহার

1. Finite Verb এর Subject হিসেবেঃ
To tell a lie is a great sin.
To walk is a good exercise.
তবে, এ Sentence গুলোকে 'It' Subject দিয়ে শুরু করাই ভালো। যেমন-
It is a great sin to tell a lie.
It is easy to find fault with others.
2. Transitive Verb এর Object হিসেবেঃ
I do not mean to read.
He does not fear to die.
3. Preposition-এর Object হিসেবেঃ
He had no choice but to obey.
The patient is about to die.
4. Intransitive Verb এর Complement হিসেবেঃ
His hobby is to collect stamp.
He seems to be happy.
5. Objective Complement হিসেবেঃ
She helped me to complete the task.
We think him to be a fool.
6. আবেগ প্রকাশে বা প্রশ্ন জিজ্ঞাসায়ঃ
To think that he would do this!
And now what to do?
Note: উপরের বাক্যগুলোতে Underline করা অংশটুকু Simple or Noun Infinitive।

Gerundial or Qualifying Infinitive-এর ব্যবহার

It is time to read.
To tell the truth, I don't like that person.
We eat to live.
Orange is good to cat.

(Qualifying Infinitive-এর Pattern ও Structure-গুলো নিম্নরূপঃ

1. Subject + Verb + to/ not to (infinitive)
I want to swim.
She decided not to play.
2. Subject + Verb + (Pro)noun + to/ not to (infinitive)
I do not want anyone to show me sympathy.
I told Mira not to do that.
3. Subject + Verb + (Pro) noun + bare infinitive.
He saw me go out.
They made me do it.
I know how to swim.
He doesn't know what to do.
Note: যখন কোন বিশেষ Skill বা Training বুঝায় না, তখন Conjunctive ‘how’ ব্যবহৃত হয় না। যেমন-
We must learn to live in peace.
5. Subject +Verb+ Pronoun + Conjunctive + to-infinitive
I told Zahin where to go.
I asked her where to go.
6. In order to + Verb
We live in houses in order to protect ourselves from rain.
This is a gold chain for her to wear. (for her in order to wear হবে না)
7. Have to/ has to +Verb
Man has to breathe if he wants to live.
8. Subject + be + infinitive + verb.
You are to knock before you come in.
You are to write on both sides of the paper.

Bare Infinitive-এর ব্যবহার-Use of Bare Infinitive

যখন কোন বাক্যের Infinitive এর ‘to’ উহ্য থাকে তখন তাকে Bare Infinitive বলে। 
নিম্নলিখিত ক্ষেত্রে Bare Infinitive ব্যবহৃত হয়ঃ
1. ‘have’ ও ‘help’ verb এর পর সাধারণত Bare Infinitive ব্যবহৃত হয়।
Please help me (to) do this homework.
I will not have him (to) take this advantage.
2. Than, but, except, had better, had rather ইত্যাদির পর Bare Infinitive ব্যবহৃত হয়।
You had better (to) change your elective subject.
I had rather (to) stay here.
He did everything except (to) carry out my order.
He did nothing but (to) give me false promise.
I think he will choose a job than (to) continue his studies.
I can (am able to) swim.
Do (to) show something new.
I will (am determined to) be a teacher.
He may (is allowed to) go.
You must (are commanded to) obey the rules of our team.
I shall (am determined to) join that ceremony.
If you came here, I would (be interested to) take you to the sea beach.
I saw him (to) draw a picture.
Make her (to) do the homework.
He dared not (to) compete with me.
He will not let me (to) live in peace.
He bade me (to) go.
You can hear me (to) sing a song.
She felt the gentle breeze (to) ruffle her hair.
I was made to prepare this lesson.
He was seen to sit alone in a remote place.
ব্যতিক্রমঃ ‘let’ যুক্ত বাক্যে এ নিয়ম প্রযোজ্য হয় না। যেমন-
He was let (to) go.

Participle-এর ব্যবহার

This is a very exciting event.
Look at the flying bird.
He welcomed the invited guests.
The school is closed.
উপরের উদাহরণগুলোতে Underline করা Word-গুলো Participle।
The talking parrots entertained the crowd. (Present Participle)
The wrecked sailboat washed up on shore. (Past Participle)
She is thinking of the children. (Action Verb)
The conference room had been cleaned before they arrived. (Action Verb)
The job has been done successfully. (Action verb)

নিচে Participle গুলোর ব্যবহার দেওয়া হলো-

1. Adjective হিসেবেঃ
Present বা Past Participle কোন Noun-কে Modify করতে এর পূর্বে ব্যবহৃত হয়। যেমন-
He killed a flying bird. (Present Participle)
He is a retired teacher. (Past Participle)
2. Verb-এর Complement হিসেবেঃ
Present বা Past Participle ‘be’ Verb-এর Complement হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হতে পারে। যেমন-
The news is surprising. (Present Participle)
The school is closed. (Past Participle)
3. Object এর পরে বসেঃ
Present বা Past Participle কোন Object এর পরে বসে এর অবস্থা (State) প্রকাশ করতে পারে। যেমন-
I saw the baby crying. (Present Participle)
I found the house deserted. (Past Participle)
4. Adjective Phrase হিসেবেঃ
Present/ Past Participle একটি Adjective Phrase হিসেবে কাজ করতে পারে। যেমন-
The girl dancing on the stage is my sister. (Present Participle)
The eggs bought yesterday are rotten. (Past Participle)
5. Verb হিসেবেঃ
Meena is/ was/ will be/ has been playing.
আবার, Past Participle ব্যবহৃত হয় Perfect tense গঠন করতে। যেমন-
Meena has/had/ will have done the work.
6. Passive Voice করতেঃ
‘Be + Past Participle’ ব্যবহৃত হয় Passive Voice করতে। যেমন-
Letters are being typed.
The book is being printed.
7. Adverb হিসেবেঃ
একটি Participle কোন Verb-কে Modify করতে Adverb হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হয়। যেমন-
She came dancing/singing. (Present Participle)
She got back home tired/ displeased. (Past Participle)
Inc. Walking through the forest, a bear attacked them.
Cor. While walking through the forest we were attacked by a bear.
Inc. Being a rainy day, we could not visit the place.
Cor. It being a rainy day, we could not visit the place.
Inc.: Going up the hill, I saw an old temple.
Cor. As I was going up the hill, I saw an old temple,

Gerund-এর ব্যবহার

বাক্যের বিভিন্ন স্থানে Gerund ব্যবহৃত হতে পারে। যেমন-
1. Verb এর Subject রূপেঃ
Seeing is believing.
Learning English is not difficult.
Driving too fast is dangerous.
Her knitting is beautiful.
My doctor says that swimming is the best kind of exercise.
2. Transitive Verb এর Object রূপেঃ
I like catching fish. Start reading.
She likes sleeping in the afternoon.
I enjoyed reading and writing.
He finished playing at 9 o'clock.
3. Preposition এর Object রূপেঃ
He is hard of hearing.
He has been criticized for writing this novel.
I have no objection to walking.
She is fond of shopping.
Note: Preposition-এর পর সর্বদা Gerund হয়, infinitive হয় না।
4. Verb এর Complement রূপেঃ
His profession is driving.
His hobby is playing tennis.
5. Compound Noun-এর অংশরূপেঃ
This is my reading room.
I have bought a new washing machine.
I like your speaking in this way. (you speaking নয়)
He insisted on my going there. (me going there নয়)
I am happy to know about my friend's taking this position. (my friend taking this নয়)
আরো একটি বিষয় মনে রাখবে,
There is no chance of the machine working again. (machine's working again হবে না)

Gerund in a Complement:

Complement-এর সাথে Gerund দুই ভাবে ব্যবহৃত হতে পারে। যেমন-
1. Objective Case-এ noun/ pronoun-এর পরে।
2. Possessive Case-এ noun/pronoun-এর পরে। যেমন-
I don't like Zahin/him playing game all the time. (Objective Case)
I don't like Zahin's/ his playing game all the time. (Possessive Case)

Some Important Structures of Gerund

1. By + Gerund
By eating nutritious food we can be healthy.
By being a doctor he wants to help people.
2. Without + Gerund
Without working hard you cannot expect a good result in the exam.
3. Noun Phrase + Vt + Genund
She could not help crying.

Verbal Noun কাকে বলে

The reading of newspaper increases our knowledge.
The hunting of migratory birds is not good at all.

Infinitive ও Gerund সংক্রান্ত কিছু সমস্যা

Example:
I could not avoid facing the problem.
He enjoy's watching English movies.
কিন্তু উভয়ের মধ্যে Noun বা Pronoun থাকলে এগুলোর পরে Infinitive বসতে পারে। যেমন-
Mother advises me to read attentively. (reading নয়)
He stops the machine to run. (running নয়)
2. কতিপয় Verb এর পর Infinitive বসে, Gerund নয়।
সেগুলো হলোঃ
dare, expect, decide, desire, promise, want, wish, ইত্যাদি।
Example:
He promises to help me (helping নয়)
I want to read in English. (reading নয়)